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Elderberry extract from the Black Elder tree, Sambucus nigra,  works by strengthening the cell membrane so a virus cannot penetrate it. 

Discovered  in the early 1980's by Madeleine Mumcuoglu, who decided to study the elderberry extract to see if there was any truth to the history in folk healing, that utilized elderberry extract.  

It is common knowledge that viruses can't replicate without a host cell.  In the real world that is most often the human body and its respiratory tract. The Flu virus invades cells by puncturing their walls with the tiny spikes of hemagglutinin that cover its surface.  The active component of elderberry extract disarms these spikes.  Mother nature at her finest.

Inhibition of Several Strains of Influenza Virus in Vitro and Reduction of Symptoms by an Elderberry Extract (Sambucus Nigra L.) During an Outbreak of Influenza B Panama

Zichria Zachay-Rones, Ph.D., Noemi Varsano, M.Sc., Moshe Zlotnik, M.D., Orly Manor, Ph.D., Liora Regev, Miriam Schlesinger and Madeleine Mumcuoglu, Ph.D. Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratories, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Ben Gurion University, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel; Brown School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.

Zakay-Rones Z, Varsano N, Zlotnik M, et al. Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L) during an outbreak of influenza B in Panama. J Alt Comp Med 1995;1:361–69.
2Serkedjieva J, Manolova N, Zgórniak-Nowosielska I, et al. Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., and roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother Res 1990;4:97–100.
3Mascolo N, Autore G, Capasso G, et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytother Res 1987;1:28–31.